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What are bromeliads: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Ananasstaude.JPG|thumb|250px]]Nobody should presume he does not know any „Bromeliads“. For at least one species | [[File:Ananasstaude.JPG|thumb|250px]]Nobody should presume he does not know any „Bromeliads“. For at least one species - in fact being not an ornamental but an economic plant - is on the tip of everybody’s tongue: the pineapple. She was the first representative of her family to find her way to Europe, rather soon after the discovery of America. The Bromeliads (lat.: ''Bromeliaceae'') obtained their name by the French botanist Charles Plumier who published them 1703 <ref name="Grant1998" /> for the first time, naming them after his friend, the Swedish physician and botanist Olaf Bromel (1639-1705). In german language generally the name “pineapple plants” is in use. | ||
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== Ecology == | == Ecology == | ||
About half of the known Bromeliad species live epiphytic, meaning they grow on other plants, but without feeding on them. '''They are no parasites''', what they are often erroneously called and | About half of the known Bromeliad species live epiphytic, meaning they grow on other plants, but without feeding on them. '''They are no parasites''', what they are often erroneously called and - alas - are treated likewise by locals. However Bromeliads can also be found living on rocks (litophytic) or on the ground (terrestrial). As their habitats dry out severely sometimes, some of them started building a funnel or a cistern with the use of the leaf bases, to catch and keep water. The biggest species can this way store up several liters of water, which assists them to compensate rather long dry periods. At the same time these minuscule lakes represent a self-contained biotope and provide living space for several other creatures, often to the benefit of both. The funnels serve insect species as breeding place for their nymphs, tropical tree frogs live and spawn in them, and even several water plants grow there. Even crabs have been found in Bromeliad cisterns. In nutrient-poor regions a few Bromeliads actually have developed the ability to live as carnivores. | ||
The pollination of the flowers is carried out by animals, especially birds as well as butterflies or other insects. Only species of Navia are pollinated by wind. Some Bromeliads specialized on particular groups of pollinators. For example Werauhias are pollinated by bats, they blossom in the night, when these animals are on the hunt. | The pollination of the flowers is carried out by animals, especially birds as well as butterflies or other insects. Only species of Navia are pollinated by wind. Some Bromeliads specialized on particular groups of pollinators. For example Werauhias are pollinated by bats, they blossom in the night, when these animals are on the hunt. | ||
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<ref name="Grant1998"> Jason R. Grant [http://fcbs.org/articles/Catalogue_Bromeliaceae_Genera.htm ''An Annoted Catalogue of the Generic Names of the Bromeliaceae'', In: The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, 1998.]</ref> | <ref name="Grant1998"> Jason R. Grant [http://fcbs.org/articles/Catalogue_Bromeliaceae_Genera.htm ''An Annoted Catalogue of the Generic Names of the Bromeliaceae'', In: The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, 1998.]</ref> | ||
<ref name="Givnish2007"> T. J. Givnish, J. C. Pires, S. W. Graham, M. A. McPherson, L. M. Prince & T. B. Patterson: ''Phylogeny, biogeography, and ecological evolution in Bromeliaceae: Insights from ndhF sequences.'' in J. T. Columbus, E. A. Friar, J. M. Porter, L. M. Prince, & M. G. Simpson: ''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Poales'', Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, 2007, 23, page 3-26.</ref> | <ref name="Givnish2007"> T. J. Givnish, J. C. Pires, S. W. Graham, M. A. McPherson, L. M. Prince & T. B. Patterson: ''Phylogeny, biogeography, and ecological evolution in Bromeliaceae: Insights from ndhF sequences.'' in J. T. Columbus, E. A. Friar, J. M. Porter, L. M. Prince, & M. G. Simpson: ''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Poales'', Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden, Claremont, 2007, 23, page 3-26.</ref> | ||
<ref name="Givnish2011"> Thomas J. Givnish, M. H. J. Barfuss, B. Van Ee, R. Riina, Katharina Schulte, Ralf Horres, P. A. Gonsiska, R. S. Jabaily, D. M. Crayn, J. A. C. Smith, K. Winter, Gregory K. Brown, T. M. Evans, Bruce K. Holst, Harry E. Luther, Walter Till, Georg Zizka, P. E. Berry & Kenneth J. Sytsma: ''Adaptive radiation and diversification in Bromeliaceae: insights from a 7-locus plastid phylogeny'', In: ''American Journal of Botany'', Volume 98, Issue 5, 2011, S. | <ref name="Givnish2011"> Thomas J. Givnish, M. H. J. Barfuss, B. Van Ee, R. Riina, Katharina Schulte, Ralf Horres, P. A. Gonsiska, R. S. Jabaily, D. M. Crayn, J. A. C. Smith, K. Winter, Gregory K. Brown, T. M. Evans, Bruce K. Holst, Harry E. Luther, Walter Till, Georg Zizka, P. E. Berry & Kenneth J. Sytsma: ''Adaptive radiation and diversification in Bromeliaceae: insights from a 7-locus plastid phylogeny'', In: ''American Journal of Botany'', Volume 98, Issue 5, 2011, S. 872-895: [http://www.botany.wisc.edu/sytsma/pdf/Givnish2011.pdf PDF.] </ref> | ||
<ref name="The Blue Pineapple Story"> [http://home.vicnet.net.au/~papervic/asao.html The Blue Pineapple Story] - paper made from pineapple fibres</ref> | <ref name="The Blue Pineapple Story"> [http://home.vicnet.net.au/~papervic/asao.html The Blue Pineapple Story] - paper made from pineapple fibres</ref> | ||
<ref name="Barong Tagalog"> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barong_Tagalog Barong Tagalog] in Wikipedia</ref> | <ref name="Barong Tagalog"> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barong_Tagalog Barong Tagalog] in Wikipedia</ref> | ||